Thomas Jefferson Quotations

Thomas Jefferson was the third president of the United States. He was very important as one of the founding fathers of the United States. He wrote the Declaration of Independence. As president, his greatest achievement was the Louisiana Purchase which more than doubled the size of the US. He created numerous writings including his famous letters to political rival John Adams in his later years. Following are some quotes that shed light on Jeffersons beliefs. Thomas Jefferson Quotes But every difference of opinion is not a difference of principle. We have been called by different names brethren of the same principle. We are all Republicans, we are all Federalists. Nature intended me for the tranquil pursuits of science, by rendering them my supreme delight. But the enormities of the times in which I have lived have forced me to take a part in resisting them, and to commit myself on the boisterous ocean of political passions. The tree of liberty must be refreshed from time to time with the blood of patriots and tyrants. When a man assumes a public trust, he should consider himself as public property. A bill of rights is what the people are entitled to against every government on earth, general or particular; and what no just government should refuse, or rest on inference. I view great cities as pestilential to the morals, the health, and the liberties of man. I know that the acquisition of Louisiana has been disapproved by some ... that the enlargement of our territory would endanger its union... The larger our association the less will it be shaken by local passions; and in any view is it not better that the opposite bank of the Mississippi should be settled by our own brethren and children than by strangers of another family? A little rebellion now and then is a good thing... The natural progress of things is for liberty to yield and government to gain ground. Its soul, its climate, its equality, liberty, laws, people, and manners. My god! how little do my countrymen know what precious blessings they are in possession of, and which no other people on earth enjoy!

Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein - 1758 Words

Frankenstein was published over 200 years ago. Ever since it was published, it has been one of the most famous books known to literature. History.com Staff states that this book, by 21-year-old Mary Wollstonecraft Shelley, is frequently called the world’s first science fiction novel (History.com Staff). According to Wikipedia, Shelley was an English novelist. She was born August 30th, 1797. She died on February 1st, 1951 (Wikipedia). Shelley came up with the idea of Frankenstein as she and her friends were making up scary stories, and the story ended up being one of our most famous books today. The main character of the novel is Victor Frankenstein. Victor was also the narrator for the majority of the novel. Victor was the oldest in his family, and adored knowledge. He studied at a university called Ingolstadt and later, created a creature. Afraid of his work, Victor abandons his creature and basically leaves him for dead. All the creature wants is to be loved, but it cannot happen because everyone is afraid of his dreadful appearance. Enraged, the creature decides to get his revenge. Robert Walton, a captain on a journey to discover the North Pole, decides to help Victor. Walton explains his story in letters to his sister Margaret Saville. In his last letter, Walton paraphrases the words of the creature. The creature stated â€Å"I, the miserable and the abandoned, am an abortion, to be spurned at, and kicked, and trampled on.† (Shelley, 2003). The wonderfulShow MoreRelatedAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1411 Words   |  6 PagesIn the early 1800s Mary Shelley set pen to a paper and started to develop a novel that little to her knowledge would become world renowned. In 1818 she finished and published the novel to sell to the European public. The novel caught the world off guard in the way that a female was able to write about such harsh, dark, and evil things in a European society whose authors like John Locke and Charles Montesquieu preached enlightenment, self exploration, and individualism all in an optimistic enablingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein1615 Words   |  7 Pagesa whole and how accurate a depiction they might think it to be, they will miss out on many of the qualities of the painting that reside below the immediately apparent surface level. Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein is a text dedicated to expounding upon the dangers of such superficial analysis. In Frankenstein, Mary Shelle y openly condemns the surface level and appearance oriented methodology under which the human mind operates. The very protagonist of the novel is inspired solely by reputation and howRead MoreBiblical Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1376 Words   |  6 PagesLiterature 16 November 2015 Biblical Analysis: Frankenstein Frankenstein by Mary Shelley often refers to the bible on a number of occasions. However, it is worth noting that many references used by Mary Shelley in Frankenstein can often be identified in Genesis. Much like Genesis, the story of Frankenstein is a viable creation story. The book of Genesis first explains the creation of man and woman, and also recounts the fall of humanity. Unlike Genesis, Frankenstein begins with the fall of humanityRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein And Frankenstein1410 Words   |  6 Pagescompassion and sympathy through the love of a person whom cares very deeply about them. In Frankenstein by Mary Shelley, the three main characters Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein and Frankenstein (The Monster) are shown throughout the story, longing and in search for a companion. Throughout the story, the characters struggle with the battle of wanting either sympathy or compassion from a person or both. Mary Shelley shows the true indication of Human Nature by showing the importance of sympathy andRead MoreAnalysis Of And Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1682 Words   |  7 Pagestexts;† (â€Å"intertext† def. 1), meaning that intertext is when a text is better understood by having knowledge of the text that it alludes to. In Mary Barton, Elizabeth Gaskell uses intertextuality to further demonstrate key concepts present in the text by alluding to works of other famous authors, well known biblical passages, and Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein. By doing this, she effectively shows how the relationship between the working class and the middle to upper class must be compassionate and understandingRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1402 Words   |  6 Pagesof literature during the Romantic Period is the novel, Frankenstein. This intelligent work of art was written by Mary Shelley. Shelley was born in London on August 30th, 1797 and died on February 1, 1851. People from all around the world have heard a bout the monster created by the one and only Victor Frankenstein; also known as the world’s maddest scientist that has ever lived in the fictional world. As many people do not know, Mary Shelley subtitled her book â€Å"Or, The Modern Prometheus?† This gothicRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1589 Words   |  7 PagesExtended Response (Q2) - Frankenstein By Mary Shelley Rachel .Corrie The perspective, from which a story is told, causes an influential response from readers to certain issues, characters and conflicts that are found in literary texts. Mary Shelley’s gothic novel, Frankenstein, was published in 1818 and tells the story of a scientist known as Victor Frankenstein who reanimates life in an unethical science experiment. In this novel Walton, Victor and the creature tell their sideRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1554 Words   |  7 PagesMadison Franklin English 203 Echols 20 October 2014 Revenge on Mankind In Mary Shelly’s Frankenstein, the being created by Victor Frankenstein has been cast out due to his horrid appearance and the gruesome way in which he came to be. The monster finds refuge in a hovel next to a small family living in Germany. One day he notices a leather satchel in the yard, he quickly gathers the satchel and its contents and returns to his hovel. The bag contained strictly books, one of them being John Milton’sRead MoreAnalysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 790 Words   |  4 PagesI think this novel is pretty realistic in some ways. Before I read the book, I thought the story would just about the monster named â€Å"Frankenstein†. However as I read through it, I started to think the author Mary Shelley had pretty good sense of looking future. Maybe during nineteenth century, this book may sound ridiculous and unrealistic. However it is not a surprise if you see a clone of a certain animal or biologically modified products. Some fruits suc h as cherry tomatoes did not even existRead MoreAn Analysis Of Mary Shelley s Frankenstein 1452 Words   |  6 Pagessocial well being and mental development. In Frankenstein, written by Mary Shelley, we can see just how influential family is as family is one of the important themes in this novel. The cottage scene is an important scene in the novel as it demonstrates just how important family is to a person by documenting the creature and his examination of the De Lacey family; which is where he learned about society and just what family truly means. Victor Frankenstein came from a very loving and caring family.

John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure Free Essays

string(111) " to criminal and noncriminal patterns\) not simply through any contact with persons who have violated the law\." Differential Association Theory Differential association theory was Sutherland’s major sociological contribution to criminology; similar in importance to strain theory and social control theory. These theories all explain deviance in terms of the individual’s social relationships. Sutherland’s theory departs from the pathological perspective and biological perspective by attributing the cause of crime to the social context of individuals. We will write a custom essay sample on John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure or any similar topic only for you Order Now â€Å"He rejected biological determinism and the extreme individualism of psychiatry, as well as economic explanations of crime. His search for an alternative understanding of crime led to the development of differential association theory. In contrast to both classical and biological theories, differential association theory poses no obvious threats to the humane treatment of those identified as criminals. â€Å"(Gaylord, 1988:1) The principle of differential association asserts that a person becomes delinquent because of an â€Å"excess† of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. In other word, criminal behavior emerges when one is exposed to more social message favoring conduct than prosocial messages (Sutherland, 1947). Sutherland argued that the concept of differential association and differential social organization could be applied to the individual level and to aggregation (or group) level respectively. While differential association theory explains why any individual gravitates toward criminal behavior, differential social organization explains why crime rates of different social entities different from each other’s. The first explicit statement of the theory of differential association appears in the 1939 edition of Principles of Criminology and in the fourth edition of it, he presented his final theory. His theory has 9 basic postulates. 1. Criminal behavior is learned. This means that criminal behavior is not inherited, as such; also the person who is not already trained in crime does not invent criminal behavior. 2. Criminal behavior is learned in interaction with other persons in a process of communication. This communication is verbal in many cases but includes gestures. 3. The principal part of the learning of criminal behavior occurs within intimate personal groups. Negatively, this means the impersonal communication, such as movies or newspaper play a relatively unimportant part in committing criminal behavior. 4. When criminal behavior is learned, the learning includes (a) techniques of committing the crime, which are sometimes very simple; (b) the specific direction of motives, drives, rationalizations, and attitudes. 5. The specific direction of the motives and drives is learned from definitions of the legal codes as favorable or unfavorable. This different context of situation usually is found in US where culture conflict in relation to the legal code exists. 6. A person becomes delinquent because of an excess of definitions favorable to violation of law over definitions unfavorable to violation of law. This is the principle of differential association. When people become criminal, they do so not only because of contacts with criminal patterns but also because of isolation from anticriminal patterns. Negatively, this means that association which are neutral so far as crime is concerned have little or no effect on the genesis of criminal behavior. . Differential association may vary in frequency, duration, priority, and intensity. Priority seems to be important principally through its selective influence and intensity has to do with such things as the prestige of the source of a criminal or anticriminal pattern and with emotional reactions related to the association. These modalities would be rated in quantitative form an d mathematical ratio but development of formula in this sense has not been developed and would be very difficult. 8. The process of learning criminal behavior by association with criminal and anti-criminal patterns involves all of the mechanisms that are involved in any other learning. Negatively, this means that the learning of criminal behavior is not restricted to the process of imitation. A person who is seduced, for instance, learns criminal behavior by association, but this would not be ordinarily described as imitation. 9. While criminal behavior is an expression of general needs and values, it is not explained by those general needs and values since non-criminal behavior is an expression of the same needs and values. Thieves generally steal in order to secure money, but likewise honest laborers work in order to money. The attempts to explain criminal behavior by general drives and values such as the money motive have been, and must completely to be, futile, since they explain lawful behavior as completely as they explain criminal behavior. They are similar to respiration, which is necessary for any behavior, but which does not differentiate criminal from noncriminal behavior. (Sutherland, 1974: 75-76) In summary, he believed that an individual’s associations are determined in a general context of social organization (for instance, family income as a factor of determining residence of family and in many cases, delinquency rate is largely related to the rental value of houses) and thus differential group organization as an explanation of various crime rates is consistent with the differential association theory. (Sutherland, 1974: 77) Much of Sutherland’s theory relied upon the work of Chicago school theorists, Shaw and McKay (1931,1969). According to Shaw and McKay, they found that â€Å"delinquency rates increased as one moved away from the center of the city, and ecological rates of delinquency remained stable over generations despite a complete turnover of ethnic composition and social disorganization explained the high rates of delinquency in the inner-city. † (Matsueda: 1988: 280) As a matter of fact, this statement requires qualification because once you pass through the zone in transition, delinquency rates drop as you move out towards the suburbs. Criticism and Contemporary Views Many criticized Sutherland’s differential association theory; supporters argued that criticism often resulted from misinterpretation of Sutherland’s theory. Donald R. Cressey argued persuasively that many of the critiques were simply â€Å"literary errors† or misinterpretation on the part of the critics. For example, the theory was judged by critics to be invalid because not everyone who had come into contact with criminals became criminal as a result. This misinterprets the theory’s proposition that criminal behavior is learned through differential association (relative exposure to criminal and noncriminal patterns) not simply through any contact with persons who have violated the law. You read "John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure" in category "Essay examples" (Akers: 1996:229) However, Cressey also pointed out two major weaknesses of Sutherland’s theory. the first problem was that the concept of â€Å"definitions† in the theory was not precisely defined, and the statement did not give good guidance on how to operationalize the ratio or â€Å"excess of definitions† favorable to criminal behavior over definitions unfavorable to criminal behavior. The second real problem was that it left the learning process unspecified. There is virtually no clue in Sutherland’s theory as to what in particular would be included in â€Å"all the mechanisms that are involved in any of other learning (Akers: 1996:229-230) Another important criticism argued that Sutherland’s theory is a â€Å"cultural deviance† theory as a way of showing that it made wrong presumptions about human behavior and the role of culture in deviant behavior. Matsueda (1988) believed it â€Å"reduces his (Sutherland’s) theory to a caricature† and Bernard objected to the way in which the cultural deviance label has been applied to the original differential association and social learning revision†(Bernard and Snipes, 1995: Vold and Bernard, 1986: 227-229) But Akers denies this criticism as another misinterpretation of Sutherland’s theory: According to this critique, differential association/social learning theory rests on th e assumption that socialization is completely successful and that cultural variability is unlimited, cannot explain individual differences in deviance within the same group and applies only to group differences, has no way of explaining violation of norms to which the individual subscribes, and proposes culture as the single cause of crime. I conclude that the usual attribution of cultural deviance assumptions and explanation to differential association is based on misinterpretations. (Akers: 1996:229) Merton Theory Like many sociological theories of crime, Robert Merton’s strain/anomie theory has advanced following the work of Emile Durkheim. In Merton’s theory anomie is very similar to the very meaning of the word strain, as he proposed anomie to be a situation in which societies inadvertently bring to bear pressure, or strain, on individuals that can lead to rule-breaking behavior. This pressure, or strain if you will, is caused by the discrepancy between culturally defined goals and the institutionalized means available to achieve these goals. To illustrate this Merton argues that the dominant cultural goal in the U. S is the acquisition of wealth, as a message was depicted that happiness often equated with material success which is often associated with wealth. The socially accepted institutionalized manner of achieving these material goals was believed to be hard work and education, meaning it is widely believed that people who apply themselves to study and work will succeed financially and that those who do not succeed are labeled as either lazy or defective. According to Merton, the problem with this type of society is that the legitimate means for achieving material success are not uniformly distributed. In other words, those from wealthier backgrounds have considerably more access to legitimate means than do those who are economically disadvantaged. As a consequence, anomie, or strain, is generated and produces certain ‘modes of adaptation’, or (simply put) coping strategies, that the disadvantaged use to deal with the pressures that are brought to bear on them. Merton identifies five modes of adaptation: conformity, innovation, retreatism, ritualism, and rebellion. According to Merton, the innovator is the most likely to engage in criminal behavior, as the innovator accepts the socially recognized goals of society, but reject the legitimate means to achieve these goals. Consequently, the innovator uses proceeds from crimes such as fraud, theft, and illegal drug dealing to access culturally defined goals. Critique of Strain/Anomie theory Although Merton’s Strain theory continues to play a role in the sociological theorization of crime today, there are limitations to this theory of crime that have been identified. The first critique of this theory, put forth by Albert Cohen, addressed the fact that there is an ample amount of crime/delinquent behavior that is â€Å"non-utilitarian, malicious, and negativistic† (O’Grady, 2011), which highlights that not all crimes are explicable using Merton’s theory. Although Merton could explain crimes such as fraud and theft on the basis of innovation, he is unable to explain youth crimes that are often engaged in for social status rather than material acquisition. Furthermore, Strain/Anomie theory fails to adequately address issues such as race and gender. Additionally, Strain/Anomie theory is unable to explain the phenomena of white collar crime. [edit] Robert DubinRobert Dubin (1959) viewed deviance as a function of society, disputing the assumption that the deviant adaptations to situations of anomie are necessarily harmful to society. For example, an individual in the ritualistic adaptation is still playing by the rules and taking part in society. The only deviance lies in abandoning one or more of its culturally prescribed goals. Dubin argued that Merton’s focus on the relationship between society’s emphasized goals, and institutionalized prescribed means was inadequate. Dubin felt that a further distinction should be made between cultural goals, institutional means and institutional norms because individuals perceive norms subjectively, interpreting them and acting upon them differently. The personal educational experiences, values, and attitudes may predispose an individual to internalize a norm one way. Another individual with different experiences may legitimately internalize the same norm differently. Both may be acting rationally in their own terms, but the resulting behaviour is different. Dubin also extended Merton’s typology to fourteen, with particular interest in Innovation and Ritualism. Merton proposed that the innovative response to strain was accepting the goal, but rejecting the institutionally prescribed means of achieving the goal. The implication seemed to be that that not only did the individual reject the means, he must actively innovate illegitimate means as a substitute which would not always be true. Dubin also thought that a distinction should be made between the actual behaviour of the actor and the values that drove the behaviour. Instead of Innovation, Dubin proposed Behavioural Innovation and Value Innovation. Similarly, in Ritualism, he proposed Behavioural Ritualism and Value Ritualism (Dubin, 1959: 147-149). Merton (1959: 177-189) commented on Dubin’s revisions, claiming that although Dubin did make valid contributions, they took the focus off deviancy. [edit] Robert AgnewIn 1992, Robert Agnew asserted that strain theory could be central in explaining crime and deviance, but that it needed revision so that it was not tied to social class or cultural variables, but re-focused on norms. To this end, Agnew proposed a general strain theory that is neither structural nor interpersonal but rather individual and emotional, paying especial attention to an individual’s immediate social environment. He argued that an individual’s actual or anticipated failure to achieve positively valued goals, actual or anticipated removal of positively valued stimuli, and actual or anticipated presentation of negative stimuli all result in strain. Anger and frustration confirm negative relationships. The resulting behavior patterns will often be characterized by more than their share of unilateral action because an individual will have a natural desire to avoid unpleasant rejections, and these unilateral actions (especially when antisocial) will further contribute to an individual’s alienation from society. If particular rejections are generalized into feelings that the environment is unsupportive, more strongly negative emotions may motivate the individual to engage in crime. This is most likely to be true for younger individuals, and Agnew suggested that research focus on the magnitude, recency, duration, and clustering of such strain-related events to determine whether a person copes with strain in a criminal or conforming manner. Temperament, intelligence, interpersonal skills, self-efficacy, the presence of conventional social support, and the absence of association with antisocial (e. g. , criminally inclined) age and status peers are chief among the factors Agnew identified as beneficial. [edit] Akers’ operationalization of Agnew’s theory: Sources of strainAkers (2000: 159) has operationalized Agnew’s version of the Strain Theory, as follows: Failure to achieve positively valued goals: he gap between expectations and actual achievements will derive from short- and long-term personal goals, and some of those goals will never be realized because of unavoidable circumstances including both inherent weaknesses and opportunities bloc ked by others; and the difference between the view of what a person believes the outcome should be and what actually results increases personal disappointment. Frustration is not necessarily due to any outside interference with valued goals, but a direct effect on anger, and has indirect effects on serious crime and aggression. Agnew and White (1992) have produced empirical evidence suggesting that general strain theory was positively able to relate delinquents and drug users, and that the strongest effect on the delinquents studied was the delinquency of their peers. They were interested in drug use because it did not appear to represent an attempt to direct anger or escape pain, but â€Å"is used primarily to manage the negative affect caused by strain. † Up to this point, strain theory had been concerned with types of strain rather than sources of strain whereas the stress of events can be shown to interfere with the achievement of natural expectations or just and fair outcomes. These may be significant events or minor â€Å"hassles† that accumulate and demoralize over time. Frustration leads to dissatisfaction, resentment, and anger — all the emotions customarily associated with strain in criminology. It is natural for individuals to feel distress when they are denied just rewards for their efforts when compared to the efforts and rewards given to similar others for similar outcomes. Agnew (1992) treats anger as the most critical emotion since it is almost always directed outwards and is often related to breakdowns in relationships. Research shows that the stress/crime relationship appears to hold regardless of guilt feelings, age, and capacity to cope when events occur simultaneously or in close succession. [edit] Zhang JieThe strain theory of suicide postulates that suicide is usually preceded by psychological strains. A psychological strain is formed by at least two stresses or pressures, pushing the individual to different directions. A strain can be a consequence of any of the four conflicts: differential values, discrepancy between aspiration and reality, relative deprivation, and lack of coping skills for a crisis. Psychological strains in the form of all the four sources have been tested and supported with a sample of suicide notes in the United States and in rural China through psychological autopsy studies. The strain theory of suicide forms a challenge to the psychiatric model popular among the suicidologists in the world. The strain theory of suicide is based on the theoretical frameworks established by previous sociologists, e. g. Durkheim (1951), Merton (1957), and Agnew (2006), and preliminary tests have been accomplished with some American (Zhang and Lester 2008) and Chinese data (Zhang 2010; Zhang, Dong, Delprino, and Zhou 2009; Zhang, Wieczorek, Conwell, and Tu 2011). There could be four types of strain that precede a suicide, and each can be derived from specific sources. A source of strain must consist of two, and at least two, conflicting social facts. If the two social facts are non-contradictory, there would be no strain. Strain Source 1: Differential Values When two conflicting social values or beliefs are competing in an individual’s daily life, the person experiences value strain. The two conflicting social facts are competing personal beliefs internalized in the person’s value system. A cult member may experience strain if the mainstream culture and the cult religion are both considered important in the cult member’s daily life. Other examples include the second generation of immigrants in the United States who have to abide by the ethnic culture rules enforced in the family while simultaneously adapting to the American culture with peers and school. In China, rural young women appreciate gender egalitarianism advocated by the communist government, but at the same time, they are trapped in cultural sexual discrimination as traditionally cultivated by Confucianism. Another example that might be found in developing countries is the differential values of traditional collectivism and modern individualism. When the two conflicting values are taken as equally important in a person’s daily life, the person experiences great strain. When one value is more important than the other, there is then little or no strain. Strain Source 2: Reality vs. Aspiration If there is a discrepancy between an individual’s aspiration or a high goal and the reality the person has to live with, the person experiences aspiration strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s splendid ideal or goal and the reality that may prevent one from achieving it. An individual living in the United States expects to be very rich or at least moderately successful as other Americans do, but in reality the means to achieve the goal is not equally available to the person because of his/her social status or any other reasons. Aspirations or goals can be a college a person aims to get in, an ideal girl a boy wants to marry, and a political cause a person strives for, etc. If the reality is far from the aspiration, the person experiences strain. Another example might be from rural China. A young woman aspiring to equal opportunity and equal treatment may have to live within the traditional and Confucian reality, exemplified by her family and village, which interferes with that goal. The larger the discrepancy between aspiration and reality, the greater the strain will be. Strain Source 3: Relative Deprivation In the situation where an extremely economically poor individual realizes some other people of the same or similar background are leading a much better life, the person experiences deprivation strain. The two conflicting social facts are one’s own miserable life and the perceived richness of comparative others. A person living in absolute poverty, where there is no comparison with others, does not necessarily feel bad, miserable, or deprived. On the other hand, if the same poor person understands that other people like him/her live a better life, he or she may feel deprived because of these circumstances. In an economically polarized society where the rich and poor live geographically close to each other, people are more likely to feel this discrepancy. In today’s rural China, television, newspaper, magazines, and radio have brought home to rural youths how relatively affluent urban life is. Additionally, those young people who went to work in the cities (dagong) and returned to the village during holidays with luxury materials and exciting stories make the relative deprivation even more realistically perceived. Increased perception of deprivation indicates relatively greater strain for individuals. Strain Source 4: Deficient Coping Facing a life crisis, some individuals are not able to cope with it, and then they experience coping strain. The two conflicting social facts are life crisis and the appropriate coping capacity. All people who have experienced crises do not experience strain. A crisis may be a pressure or stress in daily life, and those individuals who are not able to cope with the crisis have strain. Such crises as loss of money, loss of status, loss of face, divorce, death of a loved one, etc. may lead to serious strain in the person who does not know how to cope with these negative life events. A high school boy who is constantly bullied and ridiculed by peers may experience great strain if he does not know how to deal with the situation. Likewise, a Chinese rural young woman who is frequently wronged by her mother-in-law may have strain if she is not psychologically ready to cope with a different situation by seeking support from other family members and the village. The less capable the coping skills, the stronger the strain when a crisis takes place. [edit] ReferencesO’Grady W. (2011). â€Å"Crime in Canadian Context. † Strain/anomie theory 92-94 Agnew, R. (1992). â€Å"Foundation for a General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(1), 47-87 Agnew, R. White, H. (1992). â€Å"An Empirical Test of General Strain Theory. † Criminology 30(4): 475-99. Agnew, R. (1997). â€Å"The Nature and Determinants of Strain: Another Look at Durkheim and Merton. † Pp. 7-51 in The Future of Anomie Theory, edited by R. Agnew and N. Passas. Boston: Northeastern University Press. Agnew, R. (2009). â€Å"Revitalizing Merton: General Strain Theory. † Advances in Criminological Theory: The Origins of Am erican Criminology, Volume 16, edited by F. T. Cullen, F. Adler, C. L. Johnson, and A. J. Meyer. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Akers, R. (2000). Criminological Theories: Introduction, Evaluation, and Application. Los Angeles: Roxbury. Cloward, R. (1959). â€Å"Illegitimate Means, Anomie and Deviant Behavior. † American Sociological Review 24(2): 164- 76. Cloward, R. Ohlin, L. (1960). Delinquency and Opportunity. NY: Free Press. Cohen, A. (1955). Delinquent Boys. NY: Free Press. Cohen, A. (1965). â€Å"The Sociology of the Deviant Act: Anomie Theory and Beyond. † American Sociological Review 30: 5-14. Cohen, A. (1977). â€Å"The Concept of Criminal Organization. † British Journal of Criminology 17: 97-111. Dubin, R. (1959) â€Å"Deviant Behavior and Social Structure: Continuities in Social Theory. † American Sociological Review 24:147-163. Durkheim, E. (1897/1997). Suicide. NY: Free Press. Featherstone, R. Deflem, M. (2003). â€Å"Anomie and Strain: Context and Consequences of Merton’s Two Theories. † Sociological Inquiry 73(4):471-489. Hirschi, T. (1969). Causes of Delinquency. Berkeley: University of California Press. Marwah, Sanjay, and Mathieu Deflem. 2006. †Revisiting Merton: Continuities in the Theory of Anomie-and-Opportunity-Structures. † Pp. 57-76 in Sociological Theory and Criminological Research: Views from Europe and the United States, ed. M. Deflem. Amsterdam: Elsevier/JAI Press. Messner, S ; Rosenfeld, R. (1994). Crime and the American Dream. Belmont: Wadsworth. Polk, K. (1969). â€Å"Class, Strain and Rebellion Among Adolescents. † Social Problems 17: 214-24. Polk, K. , ; Schafer, W. (eds. ). (1972). Schools and Delinquency. Englewood Cliffs, NJ: Prentice-Hall. Agnew, Robert. 2006. â€Å"General Strain Theory: Current Status and Directions for Further Research. † Pp. 01-123 in Taking Stock: The Status of Criminological Theory-Advances in Criminological Theory, edited by F. T. Cullen, J. P. Wright, and K. Blevins. New Brunswick, NJ: Transaction. Durkheim, Emile. 1951. Suicide: A Study in Sociology. New York: Free Press (Original work published in 1897). IOM, ( Institute of Medicine). 2002. Reducing suicide: An American imperative. Washington, D. C. : National Academy Press. Mann, J. J. , C. Waternaux, G. L. Haas, and K. M. Malone. 1999. â€Å"Toward a clinical model of suicidal behavior in psychiatric patients. † American Journal of Psychiatry 156:181-189. Merton, R. K. 1957. Social Theory and Social Structure, rev. ed. New York: Free Press. NIMH. 2003. Research on Reduction and Prevention of Suicidality: National Institute of Mental Health. Phillips, Michael R, Gonghuan Yang, Yanping Zhang, L. Wang, H. Ji, and M. Zhou. 2002. â€Å"Risk factors for suicide in China: a national case-control psychological autopsy study. † The Lancet 360:1728-1736. Spitzer, R. L. , J. B. W. Williams, M. Gibbon, and A. B. First. 1988. Instruction Manual for the Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-III-R (SCID, 6/1/88 Revision). New York: Biometrics Research Department, New York State Psychiatric Institute. Zhang, Jie. 2010. â€Å"Marriage and Suicide among Chinese Rural Young Women. † Social Forces 89:311-326. Zhang, Jie, Nini Dong, Robert Delprino, and Li Zhou. 2009. Psychological Strains Found From In-Depth Interviews With 105 Chinese Rural Youth Suicides. † Archives of Suicide Research 13:185 – 194. Zhang, Jie and Shenghua Jin. 1998. â€Å"Interpersonal relations and suicide ideation in China. † Genetic, Social, and General Psychology Monographs 124:79-94. Zhang, Jie and David Lester. 2008. â€Å"Psychological Tensions Found in Suicide Notes: A Test for the Strain Theory of Suicide. † Archives of Suicide Research 12:67-73. Zhang, Jie, William F. Wieczorek, Yeates Conwell, and Xin Ming Tu. 2011. â€Å"Psychological strains and youth suicide in rural China. † Social Science Medicine 72:2003-2010. Zhang, Jie. 2000. â€Å"Gender differences in athletic performance and their How to cite John Gotti Received More Publicity Any Crime Figure, Essay examples

Visual Arts in Drama and Festivals Essay Sample free essay sample

Panagbenga ( English: Flower Festival ) is a month-long one-year flower festival happening in Baguio. the summer capital of the Philippines. The term is of Malayo-polynesian beginning. intending â€Å"season of blooming† . The festival. held during the month of February. was created as a testimonial to the city’s flowers and as a manner to lift up from the desolation of the 1990 Luzon temblor. The festival includes floats that are decorated with flowers non unlike those used in Pasadena’sRose Parade. The festival besides includes street dancing. presented by terpsichoreans clad in flower-inspired costumes. that is inspired by the Bendian. an Ibaloi dance of jubilation that came from the Cordillera part. A side from economic encouragements from touristry. the festival besides helped the younger coevals of autochthonal people to rediscover their culture’s old traditions. The autochthonal people was first wary with government-led touristry because of the menace that they will interfere or alter their communities’ rites. The A. Lim of the Bases Conversion Development Authority ( BCDA ) . Entries from the one-year Camp John Nichol Sibug art competition gave its official logo: a spray of helianthuss. The festival was set in February to hike touristry as it was considered as a month of inaction between the busy yearss of Christmas season and the Holy Week and the summer season. In 1996. archivist and conservator Ike Picpican suggested that the festival be renamed as Panagbenga. a Kankanaey term that means â€Å"a season of blooming. a clip for flowering† . Pahiyas Festival is a colourful banquet celebrated every 15th of May by the people of Lucban. Quezon in award of San Isidro Labrador. It is the farmers’ thanksgiving for a big crop with a expansive show of colourful rice wafers. fruits. veggies. and handicrafts decorating every house in the town. The festival’s name comes from the Filipino footings hiyas ( gem ) and pahiyas ( cherished offering ) . This banquet is an ancient farmers’ harvest jubilation that dates back to the sixteenth century. Harmonizing to fable. San Isidro Labrador as if by magic plowed the field whenever he went out of the church. This is the narrative that the Spaniards passed on to the Philippines from Mexico during their colonial period. Since so. the Pahiyas Festival has been a beginning of exhilaration for the locals and visitants of Quezon Province. The MassKara Festival ( Hiligaynon: Pista sang MassKara. Filipino: Fiesta ng MassKara ) is a festival held each twelvemonth in Bacolod. Philippines. every 3rd weekend of October nearest October 19. the city’s Charter Inauguration Anniversary. The word â€Å"MassKara† is a blend. coined by the late creative person Ely Santiago from mass ( a battalion of people ) . and the Spanish word cara ( face ) . therefore organizing MassKara ( a battalion of faces ) . The word is besides a wordplay on maskara ( Filipino for â€Å"mask† ) . since a outstanding characteristic of the festival are the masks worn by participants. which are ever adorned with smiling faces. The festival foremost began in 1980 during a period of crisis. The state relied on sugar cane as its primary agricultural harvest. and the monetary value of sugar was at an all-time low due to the debut of sugar replacements like high fructose maize sirup in the United States. It was besides a clip of calamity ; on April 22 of that twelvemonth. the inter-island vas Don Juan transporting many Negrenses. including those belonging to outstanding households in Bacolod City. collided with the oiler Tacloban City and sank. An estimated 700 lives were lost in the calamity. In the thick of these tragic events. the city’s creative persons. local authorities and civic groups decided to keep a festival of smilings. because the metropolis at that clip was besides known as the City of Smiles. They reasoned that a festival was besides a good chance to draw the occupants out of the permeant gloomy atmosphere. The initial festival was hence. a declaration by the people of the metropolis that no affair how tough and bad the times were. Bacolod City is traveling to draw through. survive. and in the terminal. victory. The Ati-Atihan Festival is a feast held yearly in January in award of the Santo Nino ( Infant Jesus ) . reasoning on the 3rd Sunday. in the island and town ofKalibo. Aklan in the Philippines. The name â€Å"Ati-Atihan† agencies â€Å"to be like Aetas† or â€Å"make believe Ati’s. † Aetas were the primary colonists in the islands harmonizing to history books. They excessively are the earliest colonists of Panay Island where the state of Aklan is situated. The festival consists of tribal dance. music. accompanied by autochthonal costumes and arms. and exhibit along the street. Christians. and non-Christians observe this twenty-four hours with spiritual emanations. It has inspired many other Filipino Festivals including the Sinulog Festival of Cebu and Dinagyang of Iloilo. both versions of the Kalibo Ati-Atihan Festival. A thirteenth century ( c. 1200 A. D. ) event explains the beginnings of the festival. A group of 10 Malay captains called Datus. flying from the island of Borneo settled in the Philippines. and were granted colony by the Ati people. the folk of Panay Island. Datu Puti. Makatunaw’s main curate made a trade with the indigens and bought the fields for a aureate salakot. brass basins and bales of fabric. For the married woman of the Ati captain. they gave a really long necklace. Feasting and celebrations followed shortly after. Sometime subsequently. the Ati people were fighting with dearth as the consequence of a bad crop. They were forced to fall from their mountain small town into the colony below. to seek the generousness of the people who now lived at that place. The Datus obliged and gave them nutrient. In return. the Ati danced and American ginseng for them. grateful for the gifts they had been given. The Ati-Atihan was originally a heathen festival from this folk practising Animism. and their idolizing their anito God. Spanish missionaries bit by bit added a Christian significance. Today. the Ati-Atihan is celebrated as a spiritual festival. Kaamulan Festival is an cultural cultural festival held yearly in Malaybalay City. Bukidnon from the 2nd half of February to March 10. the anniversary day of the month of the foundation of Bukidnon as a state in 1917. It is held to observe the civilization and tradition of the seven cultural tribal groups—Bukidnon. Higaonon. Talaandig. Manobo. Matigsalug. Tigwahanon and Umayamnon—that originally inhabit the state. It is the lone cultural festival in the Philippines. Kaamulan comes from the Binukid word â€Å"amul† significance to garner. Kaamulan is garnering for a purpose—a datuship ritual. a nuptials ceremonial. a thanksgiving festival during harvest clip. a peace treaty. or all of these together. Kaamulan started as a festival on May 15. 1974. during the fiesta jubilation of the so municipality of Malaybalay. A town functionary idea of ask foring some autochthonal people to town and made them execute a few dance stairss at Plaza Rizal to inspire the fiesta jubilation. The jubilation nevertheless proved really popular and together with national coverage the Kaamulan festival has become the regional festival of Northern Mindanao. as declared by the Regional Development Council of Region 10 on September 16. 1977. Kaamulan was once held on the first hebdomad of September but in 1996. it was transferred to the present day of the month to synchronise it with the foundation jubilation of the state. The Moriones is an one-year festival held on Holy Week on the island of Marinduque. Philippines. The â€Å"Moriones† are work forces and adult females in costumes and masks retroflexing the attire of scriptural Roman soldiers as interpreted by local folks. The Moriones or Moryonan tradition has inspired the creative activity of other festivals in the Philippines where cultural patterns or folk history is turned into street festivals. Colorful festivals celebrated on the island of Marinduque and the Philippines. Morion means â€Å"mask† or â€Å"visor. † a portion of the mediaeval Roman armour which covers the face. Moriones. on the other manus. refers to the masked and costumed penitents who march around the town for seven yearss seeking for Longinus. Morions roam the streets in town from Holy Monday to Easter Sunday frightening the childs. or prosecuting in jokes or surprises to pull attending. This is a folk-religious festival that re-enacts the narrative of Saint Longinus. a Roman centurion who was blind in one oculus. The festival is characterized by colourful Roman costumes. painted masks and helmets. and brilliantly colored adventitias. The towns of Boac. Gasan. Santa Cruz. Buenavista and Mogpog in the island of Marinduque become one mammoth phase. The observations form portion of the Lenten jubilations of Marinduque. The assorted towns besides hold the alone tradition of the pabasa or the recitation of Christ’s passion in poetry. [ 2 ] Then at three o’clock on Good Friday afternoon. the Santo Sepulcro is observed. whereby old adult females exchange poetries based on the Bible as they stand in aftermath of the dead Christ. One of the high spots of this festival is the Via Crucis. A re-enactment of the agony of Christ on his manner to the calvary. Men inflict agony upon themselves by floging their dorsums. transporting a wooden cross and sometimes even crucifixion. They see this act as their signifier of expiation for their wickednesss. This seven-day jubilation starts on Holy Monda y and ends on Easter Sunday. The Pasyon ( Spanish: Pasion ) is a Filipino heroic poem narration of the Passion. Death. and Resurrection of Jesus Christ. In stanzas of five lines of eight syllables each. the standard elements of heroic poem poesy are interwoven with a colourful. dramatic subject. The primary method of executing this text is its intoning during the Lenten season or Holy Week. and is a popular Filipino Catholic devotedness. The text follows the pre-Hispanic tradition of intoning heroic verse forms as a signifier of unwritten tradition. After Christianity was introduced by the Spanish. the Passion rhythm was adapted into the native art. The autochthonal signifier of the Pasyon was foremost written down by Gaspar Aquino de Belen in â€Å"Ang Mahal na Pasion ni Jesu Christong Panginoon Natin na Tola† ( â€Å"The Sacred Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that is a Poem† ) . written in 1703 and approved in 1704. An 1852 eruditeness by Aniceto de Merced. El libro de la vida ( â€Å"The Book of the Life [ of Jesus ] † ) did non turn out popular with the multitudes. The most popular version of the Pasyon is the â€Å"Casaysayan nang Pasiong Mahal Ni Jesucristong Panginoon Natin na Sucat Ipag-alab nang Puso nang Sinomang Babasa† ( â€Å"The History of the Passion of Jesus Christ Our Lord that Surely Shall Ignite the Heart of Whosoever Readeth† ) . This version is besides known as the Pasyong Henesis as it includes the Creation narration before the life of Mary and Christ. and as the Pasyong Pilapil. after its 1884 preface by Dr Mariano Pilapil. The book’s rubric page describes it as being commissioned by former Archbishop of Manila Jose Segui . O. S. A. and former Augustinian provincial Manuel Grijalvo. O. S. A. . and edited by a certain Fr Amador W. Cruz. A widely circulated version of this is the 1949 edition. published by Ignacio Luna and Sons. Co. ( branded as Awit at Salaysay ng Pasiong Mahal†¦instead of Casaysayan ) . Zarzuela ( Spanish pronunciation: [ ?arwela ] ) is a Spanish lyric-dramatic genre that alternates between spoken and sung scenes. the latter incorporating operatic and popular vocal. every bit good as dance. The etymology of the name is non wholly certain. but some propose it may deduce from the name of a Royal hunting Lodge. the Palacio de la Zarzuela near Madrid. where. allegedly. this type of amusement was foremost presented to the tribunal. The castle was named after the topographic point called â€Å"La Zarzuela† because of the profuseness of brambles ( zarzas ) that grew at that place. and so the celebrations held within the walls became known as â€Å"Zarzuelas† . There are two chief signifiers of zarzuela: Baroque zarzuela ( c. 1630–1750 ) . the earliest manner. and Romantic zarzuela ( c. 1850–1950 ) . which can be farther divided into two. Main sub-genres are genero grande and genero Marx. although other sub-divisions exist. Zarzuela spread to the Spanish settlements. and many Latino states – notably Cuba – developed their ain traditions. There is besides a strong tradition in the Philippines where it is besides known as sarswela/sarsuela. Other regional and lingual discrepancies in Spain include the Basquezartzuela and the Catalan sarsuela. A masque-like musical theater had existed in Spain since the clip of Juan del Encina. The zarzuela genre was advanced in giving a dramatic map to the musical Numberss. which were integrated into the statement of the work. Dances and choruses were incorporated every bit good as solo and ensemble Numberss. all to orchestral concomitant. Moro-moro ( Comedia ) is a drama that became popular in the Philippines during the Spanish colonial period. It depicted conflicts between Christians and Moros-as Muslims in the Philippines are popularly known-with the Moros as the ageless scoundrels who ever lost to the Christians in the terminal.